The FAA Modernization and Reform Act (2012)

Congress took these actions in 2012 to amend the Railway Labor Act to change union certification election processes in the railroad and airline industries and impose greater oversight of the regulatory activities of the National Mediation Board (NMB). This law…

How are Labor Union Organizations Structured?

Labor unions can be divided into three levels: Local Unions National or Internation unions. The business representative performs a critical role in contract negotiations, grievance proceedings, and managing union headquarters. The union steward represents member interests and relations with a…

What is attrition?

Attrition or restrictive hiring is the act of reducing the workforce by not replacing individuals who leave an organization. Only essential positions are filled. Attrition is used to avoid layoffs. A hard freeze means that all open positions will remain…

Three stages of HR Planning

HR planning systems should support an organization’s business plan. Businesses must have a precise blend of knowledge, skills, and abilities among employees. HR Planning can be separated into three forecasting periods: Short-range planning involves projecting workforce staffing requirements. Middle-range planning…

What is Intergroup Conflict and How to Manage It.

Intergroup conflict refers to a clash between two or more teams, groups, or departments. This occurs when there are expressions of hostility or intentional interference with the opposing group’s activities. Causes of Intergroup conflict: competition for resources; opposing viewpoints; lack…